深度学习模型在各种时间序列预测任务中显示出了令人印象深刻的结果，在这些任务中，对过去的未来有条件分布进行建模是本质。但是，当这种条件分布是非平稳的时候，这些模型始终学习并准确预测的挑战。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新方法，通过清楚地将固定的条件分布模型从非平稳动力学建模中清晰地取消固定的条件分布建模，以对非平稳条件分布进行建模。我们的方法基于贝叶斯动态模型，该模型可以适应条件分布的变化和深层条件分布模型，该模型可以使用分解的输出空间处理大型多元时间序列。我们对合成和流行的公共数据集的实验结果表明，我们的模型可以比最先进的深度学习解决方案更好地适应非平稳时间序列。

粒子过滤是针对多种顺序推断任务的标准蒙特卡洛方法。粒子过滤器的关键成分是一组具有重要性权重的粒子，它们可以作为某些随机过程的真实后验分布的代理。在这项工作中，我们提出了连续的潜在粒子过滤器，该方法将粒子过滤扩展到连续时域。我们证明了如何将连续的潜在粒子过滤器用作依赖于学到的变异后验的推理技术的通用插件替换。我们对基于潜在神经随机微分方程的不同模型家族进行的实验表明，在推理任务中，连续时间粒子滤波在推理任务中的卓越性能，例如似然估计和各种随机过程的顺序预测。

归一化流程模型在简单的基本分布上运行的族裔转换方面，复杂的目标分布。因此，它们可以对许多重要的统计量，尤其是可能性和样本进行可触及的计算。尽管具有这些吸引人的属性，但更复杂的推理任务的计算，例如复杂区域（例如，多层）上的累积分布函数（CDF）仍然具有挑战性。使用蒙特卡洛技术的传统CDF近似值是公正的，但具有无界方差和较低的样品效率。取而代之的是，我们建立在标准化流的差异特性的基础上，并利用差异定理在目标空间中的封闭区域估计CDF，这是由横向范围的流量横向空间的\ emph {boundare}而言。我们描述了该估计值的确定性和随机实例：而确定性变体迭代通过策略性地细化边界来改善估计值，而随机变体则提供了无偏的估计值。我们对流行流架构和UCI基准数据集的实验表明，与传统估计器相比，样本效率的提高显着提高。

where the highest resolution is required, using facial performance capture as a case in point.

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) provides information on the presence, extent, and severity of obstructive coronary artery disease. Large-scale clinical studies analyzing CCTA-derived metrics typically require ground-truth validation in the form of high-fidelity 3D intravascular imaging. However, manual rigid alignment of intravascular images to corresponding CCTA images is both time consuming and user-dependent. Moreover, intravascular modalities suffer from several non-rigid motion-induced distortions arising from distortions in the imaging catheter path. To address these issues, we here present a semi-automatic segmentation-based framework for both rigid and non-rigid matching of intravascular images to CCTA images. We formulate the problem in terms of finding the optimal \emph{virtual catheter path} that samples the CCTA data to recapitulate the coronary artery morphology found in the intravascular image. We validate our co-registration framework on a cohort of $n=40$ patients using bifurcation landmarks as ground truth for longitudinal and rotational registration. Our results indicate that our non-rigid registration significantly outperforms other co-registration approaches for luminal bifurcation alignment in both longitudinal (mean mismatch: 3.3 frames) and rotational directions (mean mismatch: 28.6 degrees). By providing a differentiable framework for automatic multi-modal intravascular data fusion, our developed co-registration modules significantly reduces the manual effort required to conduct large-scale multi-modal clinical studies while also providing a solid foundation for the development of machine learning-based co-registration approaches.

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.

The future of population-based breast cancer screening is likely personalized strategies based on clinically relevant risk models. Mammography-based risk models should remain robust to domain shifts caused by different populations and mammographic devices. Modern risk models do not ensure adaptation across vendor-domains and are often conflated to unintentionally rely on both precursors of cancer and systemic/global mammographic information associated with short- and long-term risk, respectively, which might limit performance. We developed a robust, cross-vendor model for long-term risk assessment. An augmentation-based domain adaption technique, based on flavorization of mammographic views, ensured generalization to an unseen vendor-domain. We trained on samples without diagnosed/potential malignant findings to learn systemic/global breast tissue features, called mammographic texture, indicative of future breast cancer. However, training so may cause erratic convergence. By excluding noise-inducing samples and designing a case-control dataset, a robust ensemble texture model was trained. This model was validated in two independent datasets. In 66,607 Danish women with flavorized Siemens views, the AUC was 0.71 and 0.65 for prediction of interval cancers within two years (ICs) and from two years after screening (LTCs), respectively. In a combination with established risk factors, the model's AUC increased to 0.68 for LTCs. In 25,706 Dutch women with Hologic-processed views, the AUCs were not different from the AUCs in Danish women with flavorized views. The results suggested that the model robustly estimated long-term risk while adapting to an unseen processed vendor-domain. The model identified 8.1% of Danish women accounting for 20.9% of ICs and 14.2% of LTCs.

Quaternion valued neural networks experienced rising popularity and interest from researchers in the last years, whereby the derivatives with respect to quaternions needed for optimization are calculated as the sum of the partial derivatives with respect to the real and imaginary parts. However, we can show that product- and chain-rule does not hold with this approach. We solve this by employing the GHRCalculus and derive quaternion backpropagation based on this. Furthermore, we experimentally prove the functionality of the derived quaternion backpropagation.

In this work, a method for obtaining pixel-wise error bounds in Bayesian regularization of inverse imaging problems is introduced. The proposed method employs estimates of the posterior variance together with techniques from conformal prediction in order to obtain coverage guarantees for the error bounds, without making any assumption on the underlying data distribution. It is generally applicable to Bayesian regularization approaches, independent, e.g., of the concrete choice of the prior. Furthermore, the coverage guarantees can also be obtained in case only approximate sampling from the posterior is possible. With this in particular, the proposed framework is able to incorporate any learned prior in a black-box manner. Guaranteed coverage without assumptions on the underlying distributions is only achievable since the magnitude of the error bounds is, in general, unknown in advance. Nevertheless, experiments with multiple regularization approaches presented in the paper confirm that in practice, the obtained error bounds are rather tight. For realizing the numerical experiments, also a novel primal-dual Langevin algorithm for sampling from non-smooth distributions is introduced in this work.